<chapter id="Overview">
    <title>Overview</title>

    <para>
        Keycloak is an SSO solution for web apps and RESTful web services.  It is an authentication server where users
        can centrally login, logout, register, and manage their user accounts.  The Keycloak admin UI can manage roles
        and role mappings for any application secured by Keycloak.  The Keycloak Server can also be used to perform
        social logins via the user's favorite social media site i.e. Google, Facebook, Twitter etc.
    </para>
    <para>


    </para>
    <para>
        Features:
        <itemizedlist>

            <listitem>
                SSO and Single Log Out for browser applications
            </listitem>

            <listitem>
                Social Broker.  Enable Google, Facebook, Yahoo, Twitter social login with no code required.
            </listitem>

            <listitem>
                Optional User Registration
            </listitem>

            <listitem>
                Password and TOTP support (via Google Authenticator).  Client cert auth coming soon.
            </listitem>

            <listitem>
                OAuth Bearer token auth for REST Services
            </listitem>

            <listitem>
                Integrated Browser App to REST Service token propagation
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
                OAuth Bearer token auth for REST Services
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
                OAuth 2.0 Grant requests
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
                CORS Support
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
                CORS Web Origin management and validation
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
                Completely centrally managed user and role mapping metadata.  Minimal configuration at the application side
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
                Admin Console for managing users, roles, role mappings, applications, user sessions, allowed CORS web origins, and OAuth clients.
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
                Deployable as a WAR, appliance, or on Openshift.
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
                Supports JBoss AS7, EAP 6.x, and Wildfly applications.  Plans to support Node.js, RAILS, GRAILS, and other non-Java application
            </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
    </para>
    <section>
        <title>Key Concepts in Keycloak</title>
        <para>
            The core concept in Keycloak is a <emphasis>Realm</emphasis>.  A realm secures and manages security metadata for
            for a set of users, applications, and registered oauth clients.  Users can be created within a specific realm
            within the Administration console.  Roles (permission types) can be defined at the realm level and you can also
            set up user role mappings to assign these permissions to specific users.
        </para>
        <para>
            An <emphasis>application</emphasis> is a service that is secured by a realm.  When a user browses an
            application's web site, the application can redirect the user agent to the Keycloak Server and request a login.
            Once a user is logged in, they can visit any other application managed by the realm and not have to re-enter
            credentials.  This also hold true for logging out.  Roles can also be defined at the application level and
            assigned to specific users.  Depending on the application type, you may also be able to view and manage
            user sessions from the adminstration console.
        </para>
        <para>
            An <emphasis>oauth client</emphasis> is similar to an application in that it can request something like a login
            when a user visits the site of the oauth client.  The difference is that oauth clients are not immediately granted
            all permissions of the user.  In addition to requesting the login credentials of the user, the Keycloak Server
            will also display a grant page asking the user if it is ok to grant allowed permissions to the oauth client.
        </para>
    </section>
    <section>
        <title>How Does Security Work in Keycloak?</title>
        <para>
            Keycloak uses <emphasis>access tokens</emphasis>.  Access tokens are contains security metadata specifying the
            identity of the user as well as the role mappings for that user.  The format of these tokens is a Keycloak
            extension to the <ulink url="http://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-ietf-oauth-json-web-token-14">JSON Web Token</ulink> specification.  Each realm  has a private and public key pair
            which it uses to digitally sign the access token using the <ulink url="http://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-ietf-jose-json-web-signature-19">JSON Web Signature</ulink> specification.
            Applications can verify the integrity of the digitally signed
            access token using the public key of the realm.  The protocols used to obtain this token is defined by the
            <ulink url="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6749">OAuth 2.0</ulink> specification.
        </para>
        <para>
            The interesting thing about using these <emphasis>smart</emphasis> access tokens is that applications themselves are completely stateless
            as far as security metadata goes.  All the information they need about the user is contained in the token and there's
            no need for them to store any security metadata locally other than the public key of the realm.
        </para>
        <para>
            Signed access tokens can also be proprogated by REST client requests within an <literal>Authorization</literal>
            header.  This is great for distributed integration as applications can request a login from a client to obtain
            an access token, then invoke any aggregated REST invocations to other services using that access token.  So,
            you have a distributed security model that is centrally managed, yet does not require a Keycloak Server hit
            per request, only for the initial login.
        </para>
        <section>
            <title>Permission Scopes</title>
            <para>
                Each application and oauth client are configured with a set of permission scopes.  These are a set
                of roles that an application or oauth client is allowed to ask permission for.  Access tokens are always
                granted at the request of a specific application or oauth client.  This also holds true for SSO.  As you visit
                different sites, the application will redirect back to the Keycloak Server via the OAuth 2.0 protocol to obtain an access
                token specific to that application.  The role mappings contained within the token are the union
                between the set of user role mappings and the permission scope of the application/oauth client.  So,
                access tokens are tailor made for each application/oauth client and contain only the information required
                for by them.
            </para>
        </section>
    </section>
</chapter>
